A Brief Note On Medical Assisting And Math - 1665 Words

Ashley Mendez Michael Storper College Math August 24, 2014 Medical Assisting and Math As I begin my studies in pursuit of a degree in Medical Assisting I never stopped to think of the use of math in my field. I just figured the basics of my day to day activities as taking a patients height, weight, blood pressure, and obtaining a patients history. Never did I link the two concepts together until it was brought to my attention. Math is used in multiples tasks and aspects of my future job. Every measurement recorded is used in some mathematical equation to determine either a healthy size, height, weight, even blood pressure. My course project will discuss the mathematical aspects Medical Assistants use on a day to day basis, primarily†¦show more content†¦Using the â€Å"Find the name of ratio used† aids in keeping track of the amount of prescription a patient may obtain, this helps regulate the intake and avoids the issue of prescription abuse. Although a medical assistant cannot prescribe medication due to it being out of their scope of practice, with the aid of the physician the dispersment of medication can be regulated. Even though medical assistants cannot prescribe medicine it may be in their scope of practice to administered antibiotics, vaccinations, and medications. Therefore the use of proportions and ratios is heavily prevalent in this area of medical assisting as well. The amount of medication and vaccinations are of the utmost importance to properly administer to reduce to risk of over dosing, wasting high cost product, and avoiding patient-physician law suits. Although medical assistants are not the ones you perform the tests and compute the results, another way math is widely used in the medical field is through the use of percentages when discussing the rate of survival, the risk of disease, and the probability of your chance of contracting such as disease or genetic trait. They also used percentages when performing tests for certain viruses and diseases such as tuberculosis, strep throat, and other infections. For example, physicians utilize mathematics when determining the risk of genetic mutations and the probability of a patient contraction a genetic disease such as Huntington’s disease. Another task

Persuasive Essay On Civil Disobedience - 819 Words

Have you ever heard of civil disobedience? It is a way of peaceful protest that has been used successfully in the past and in the present. Walkouts, boycotts, and marches are all forms of civil disobedience that have been used and are currently being used. During past four years, there have been womens rights marches, pro-choice marches, and kneeling during the national anthem. These are people that are actively trying to create a fair society themselves and for the people around them. As the real world awaits, civil disobedience is a way to live in a fair society, preserve independence, and refine your moral compass. Every day people around the country wake up without the same opportunities as their peers. These people are in search†¦show more content†¦In this occasion, large groups of people would congregate and march with the demand of legalized gay marriage. All the people marching had one objective which was to have the freedom to make their own choice when it comes t o who they marry. Instead of being the followers in society it is time for you to become leaders, thus you must preserve your own freedoms. Many of you may disagree with gay marriage, but these people have fought for their freedom to make a decision based on who they are and you must respect that. In the case of people fighting for legalized gay marriage, they are trying to preserve their own individual freedoms of marrying who they are sexually attracted to. Furthermore, you have to determine what is acceptable in your eyes. There is no longer someone telling you what is unacceptable. You are now that person. Refine what morals are important to you. As an up and coming leader, your values can help shape how others form theirs. To illustrate this theme, women and men have assembled to oppose laws restricting a womans right to an abortion. Women of all ages attended these rallies to express resentment toward these laws. This population is standing up for what they believe is right following the principles that make them an individual. Making it loud and clear that anti-abortion laws violate their morals. Consequently, these restrictive laws have violated the beliefs of thisShow MoreRelatedPersuasive Essay On Civil Disobedience992 Words   |  4 PagesMartin Luther King Jr., the most important Civil Rights leader, once said â€Å"One has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws.† Martin Luther King Jr. was one of the most influ ential individuals in United States history, and is still recognized today for his peaceful approach on change. He believed that it was the peoples’ job to point out the flaws of society, and hold the government accountable for them. Many say that it is not the peoples’ responsibility to take this kind of action; howeverRead More Evaluation of Dworkins and Habermass Approach to Civil Disobedience1624 Words   |  7 PagesEvaluation of Dworkins and Habermass Approach to Civil Disobedience The following essay will attempt to evaluate the approach taken by Dworkin and Habermas on their views of civil disobedience. The two main pieces of literature referred to will be Dworkin?s paper on Civil Disobedience and Nuclear Protest? and Habermass paper on Civil Disobedience: Litmus Test for the Democratic Constitutional State. 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King contends that injustice anywhere is a threatRead More Henry David Thoreaus Civil Disobedience and Martin Luther Kings Letter from Birmingham Jail820 Words   |  4 PagesHenry David Thoreaus Civil Disobedience and Martin Luther Kings Letter from Birmingham Jail Henry David Thoreau and Martin Luther King, in â€Å"Civil Disobedience† and â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail,† respectively, both conjure a definitive argument on the rights of insubordination during specified epochs of societal injustice. Thoreau, in his enduring contemplation of life and its purpose, insightfully analyzes the conflicting relationship between the government and the people it governs. He consideratelyRead MoreComparative Essay on Henry David Thoreau in Civil Disobedience and Martin Luther King in Letter from Birmingham Jail820 Words   |  4 PagesHenry David Thoreau and Martin Luther King, in Civil Disobedience and Letter from Birmingham Jail, respectively, both conjure a definitive argument on the rights of insubordination during specified epochs of societal injustice. Thoreau, in his enduring contemplation of life and its purpose, insightfully analyzes the conflicting relationship between the government and the people it governs. He considerately evokes the notion that the majority of people are restrained by the government and societyRead MoreMartin Luther King Jr. And Henry David Thoreau1311 Words   |  6 Pageseverything the general will†, however, it was not always the case, according to influential American authors and civil rights activists Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and Henry David Thoreau. Although both of their works were written over a century apart, one cannot deny the fact that both of them successfully and nonviolently converted their ideology into action using different methods of civil disobedience. Their goal was to fight for a better just system of law and restore faith in humanity. Despite their differentRead MoreCompare And Contrast Martin Luther King And Thoreau Civil Disobedience1497 Words   |  6 PagesThoreau’s â€Å"Civil Disobedience† collectively persuade their audiences to disobey authority when it concerns social injustice. King takes a more assertive yet respectful approa ch, and makes it a point to explicate the intolerable treatment that the black community had to endure under the encroachment of segregation laws. In addition, Thoreau expounds why it is so important for citizens to object and take action upon the corrupt laws that the government had imposed on the blacks, insisting that civil disobedienceRead MoreThoreau And King s Ideas On Civil Disobedience1267 Words   |  6 PagesComparing and Contrasting: Thoreau and King’s Ideas on Civil Disobedience Henry David Thoreau was born in 1817, a time where slavery was legal. In 1849 Thoreau published an essay â€Å"Civil Disobedience† which explains his idea that the government is much more harmful than helpful and that man has the right to disobey the government when he feels it is being unjust, in his case it was slavery, American Imperialism, and the Mexican-American War. 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In the same way, Henry David Thoreau wrote in his famous essay, â€Å"Civil Disobedience,† that people should do what their conscience tells them and not obey unjust laws. The positions of the two writers are very close; they use a common theme of conscience, and they use a similar rhetorical appeal of ethos. In â€Å"Civil Disobedience† Thoreau claims

International Business Unconventional Business Approach

Question: Discuss about the International Business for Unconventional Business Approach. Answer: What is fair trade? Who benefits from it? Claar Haight (2015) explains fair trade to be an unconventional approach under which an agreement between producers and consumers regarding superior terms of trade is created to have better deal amongst them. The beneficiaries of fair trade are the parties involved where they are able to improve their lives and can structure improved policies for the future. Under this process, a minimum price for the producers is determined as per directions offered by Fairtrade Standards and Pricing Unit (Fairtarde Labelling Organizations International, 2011). Price fixed by the parties ensures that it covers producers average costs of sustainable production. Moreover, producers and consumers can negotiate prices of the items based on quality of items and value prevailing in markets (Fairtarde Labelling Organizations International, 2011). On the other hand, consumers or companies buying items through fair trade can create positive impact on people that they have used sustainable way to have busine ss. Since 1992 Indonesia has imposed high export taxes on export of raw wood sawn timber. Why would it do this? (Hint; what is the impact of these export tariffs on domestic market for wood timber?) Which domestic industries will benefit from this impact?) Who is hurt by these high export taxes? When GATT/WTO came into existence it reduced trade barriers on items belonging to various segments to a great extent that is negotiated among members (Brann, 2002). However, the impact of these barriers was found to be high forest produce which gave rise to varied conflicts in international negotiations and environment. Complications of these issues were apparent in Indonesia which is biologically and geographically diverse and controls different natural resources like oil, gas and timber (Brann, 2002).The political factors or regulations in order to protect its natural resources were weak that resulted in exploitation. During Asian financial crisis the country faced complexities in improving its economic growth where the government in order to have financial stability raise the export taxes (Fyfe, 2012). During 1989-1999 the Indonesian international transactions increased 2.5% greater than GDP (Brann, 2002). It was also noticed that forest items exports before occurrence of economic crisis was nearly $9 billion per year which increased to $200 million in 1980s (Brann, 2002). Timber trade (raw wood and sawn) is extremely significant for Indonesian economy where its contribution to countrys GDP is nearly 10% where in mid 1980s it contributed to70% of globe plywood export segment (Fyfe, 2012). Imposition of higher export restriction on raw wood and timber results in reduction in local price of taxed items as domestic players can supply timber and wood at smaller quantity which decrease producer surplus (Fyfe, 2012). U.S, Japan, Singapore and ASEAN countries are significant importers of these items where high export restrictions will impact their trade treaties (Fyfe, 2012). Should we worry foreigners sell us goods cheaply? When foreigners sell their good cheaply in countries it can be reason for worry as it can have adverse impact importing nations economy (Gao, 2005). Specifically, there are two reasons behind why these foreigners sell their good inferiorly to other nations; the producing country is trying to promote their domestic industry which is also termed as dumping goods (Gao, 2005). When items are available cheaply through imports the demand for local producers reduces and there is a possibility that due to decreased competition future prices may increase (Czako, Human Miranda, 2003). Secondly, higher interdependence on foreign items impacts the balance of payments occurring between varied nations and affects currency exchange that can increase inflation rate further and harm the economy (Czako, Human Miranda, 2003). Under what condition can WTO members not use MFN when dealing with one another? Under Most Favored Nation policies, a country cannot discriminate the imported items as compared to domestic items and members are instructed to behave with compliance to commitments made by them on tariffs (WTO, n.d). However, WTO members may not use MFN while dealing with nations under following conditions (WTO, 2016): General Exceptions: When it is essential to safeguard human, animal or natural resources WTO can restrict members not to use the policies given under MFN. Security Exceptions: Countries in order to protect essential national security welfares can restrict WT members from utilizing MFN policies. These security exceptions are also permitted under GATS and TRIPS agreement. Exceptions for Regional Trade Agreements: Countries when in order to have preferential treatment of goods or services from the transacting partners agrees to depart from MFN policies. Balance-of-payments: A country in order to protect its economy from adverse impacts of deficit can restrict the MFN policies. What strategies can North American and Asian firms adopt to ensure access to the enormous EU market? With globalisation countries are entering different nations to take advantage of opportunities available in varied markets (European Commission, 2011). Several developing countries have entered European Union market with low cost strategies. For instance, Chinas Haier Group in electronic and Indias Infosys in IT is performing very well in Europe (Khannd, Palepu Sinha, 2005). Western companies that want to create counter strategies to compete with local players can implement innovative ideas to serve the requirements of people. Specifically North American and Asian firms can make two choices: Where they can adapt their business model as per the countries environment keeping their core value proposition unchanged Entities can change their contexts (framework) of working to be economical and practical. For instance, Metro Cash Carry while entering the European and Asian nations changed its context by creating links among farmers and small-scale producers and by shifting its transaction from roadside markets to computerised storeroom. What are the steps in international strategy formulation? Strategy formulation can be explained as process of selecting the most appropriate options available to entities in order to attain its specified goals and vision (Bhalla, 2013). An enterprise must involve various steps essential for effective strategic formulation before entering a new market which are as follows (The Sailor Foundation, 2013): Clarifying and determining the organisational objectives: An enterprise while entering new territories must clarifies the motive and varied means through which desired outcomes can be achieved. Evaluating the Organisational and External Environment: Proper scanning of ones own strength and weakness helps an entity to formulate effective strategies that can help them to create competitive edge among consumer segments. In order to have better internal analysis a company can implement various techniques like SWOT through which major opportunities and threat can also be identified. PESTEL and Porter five forces are other techniques through which the impact of policies on companies activities and competitive or industry analysis could be done. Setting Quantitative Targets: Under this, entity must fix quantitative target values to as per the desired outcomes. Through this a comparison based on time taken and contribution made by personnel in achieving the desired goals can be evaluated. Choosing Strategies: Based on objectives determined by companies and what outcomes in quantitative terms a firm wants to attain from international areas, selection of appropriate strategies must be done. These include selecting strategies of location, technology and pricing. How can a poor SWOT analysis affect strategic planning? SWOT analysis guides entities to identify the positive and negative aspects or factors present in the internal and external environment of company (Harrison, 2010). If organisations fail to analyse significant factors present in the environment it can result in failure of businesses as strategic formulation and selection of entry mode are done on the basis of environmental scanning (U.S. Department of Health Human Services, 2015). Under strategic planning an entity plans regarding its objectives, results and means to obtain desired performance (strategies) and when the initial steps of conducing activities are inefficient it can result in losses and increased cost that ultimately makes business a failure. How are the components international strategy (scope of operations, resource deployment, distinctive competence, and synergy) likely to vary across different types of corporate strategy (single business, related diversification, and unrelated diversification)? Global environment of enterprises may differ depending on the type of strategies that a company implements in order to take advantage present in new areas (Lymbersky, 2008). For having proper balance and profitability a company can implement different strategies like global (single), related and unrelated diversification. The distinctive elements of international policy like scope of operation vary depending on corporate strategies selected by the firm. For instance, the scope of growth that a company wants to have are different depending on geographical region or market conditions (low or high cost) and how capable a company is able to create distinctive competence (Lymbersky, 2008). Under distinctive competence an entity determines means to create competitive edge over other players while under resource deployment looks after different options (FDI or alliances) through which it can serve the requirements of consumers (Lymbersky, 2008). On the other hand, synergy is to analyze whet her the total of company part is larger than its part. While developing and implementing strategies an enterprise tries to develop necessary tactics through which it can attain its desired goals which can be determined efficiently only when different components of international strategy are analyzed properly. What are the three specialized entry modes of international business, and how do they work? The three mode entry modes of international business are single business, related diversification and unrelated diversification (Lymbersky, 2008; Tang Liu, 2011). Single-Business Strategy: Under this a firm depends on single business, items or services for earning revenues. Through this strategy an entity can have advantage of concentrating on single product through which it can serve the changing requirements of people efficiently (Lymbersky, 2008). However, changes in external environment can have vulnerable impact on the performance of enterprises following single-business strategy. Dell, McDonalds and Singapore Airlines are some of the enterprise following this strategy. Related Diversification: In this, firms are operating its activities in different areas with related (similar) business and sector at a time (Lymbersky, 2008). An enterprise that implements this strategy can have benefit of developing a creative edge in one segment in order to strengthen its performance in other business. Moreover, fluctuation occurring in the market does not result in poor performance as it can focus on other items. Unrelated Diversification: An enterprise implementing this strategy is having its activities in unrelated segments and different areas. Raising capital is easier under this mode as units are performing independently from each other and overall risk is diversified. However, the major drawback of this mode is its complexity as wider businesses are involved (Lymbersky, 2008). What factors could cause you to reject an offer from a potential licensee to make and market your firms products in foreign market? Factors that can result in rejection of potential licensee to make or market firm items in global areas are (Aswathappa, 2008): When entrance of the particular enterprise could restrain the scope of market opportunities and will lead in formulation of mutual dependency like cartel. The enterprise earlier has been involved in violation of requirements or policies mentioned in the licensing agreements. If the firm can have complexities linked with the agreement that can have adverse impact on its speed on entrance in the foreign economy. Unit 4 What are the basic differences between a joint venture and other types of strategic alliances? A joint venture involves investment of fund, resources like technology and facilities on long-term basis by the combing parties (Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment, 2015). Under this form the benefit are segregated among all the parties involved and they have equal contribution in new venture formed after the joint venture. On the other hand, strategic alliance is categorised as collaboration among parties (companies) to have mutual shared outcomes. Partners involved in these agreements retain their independence and derives competitive edge by using other parties competency (Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment, 2015). Some of the forms under strategic collaborations are technology transfer, purchasing settlements and joint product creation. Why would a firm decide to enter a new market on its own rather than using a strategic alliance? Though under strategic alliances enterprises can reduce their overall investment there can be integration complexities like cultural or corporate difference among entities (Carpenter Dunung, 2012). A firm in spite of using strategic alliances can directly utilise exporting as a means of undertaking transactions. The overall risk involved in the process is low and it creates an opportunity for the traders to enter new areas rapidly where they serve the requirements of people based on their framework. However, the mode can also be disadvantageous under these firms have little control over the areas with low knowledge of changing preferences of people (Carpenter Dunung, 2012). What is global matrix design? What are its strength and weaknesses? Global matrix design can be explained as a conceptual framework of conducting business in varied parts of globe that several reporting lines are developed (Aswathappa, 2008). Figure 1 illustrates a global matrix design where different managers related with departments of marketing, finance, operations and HR are involved. Matrix structure are commonly utilised by entities operating in technology segment, for instance WIPRO has segregated itself in three segments Wipro Technology, Wipro Infotech and Wipro consumer care and lighting (Aswathappa, 2008). Figure 1: Global Matrix Design (Source: Aswathappa, 2008) The major strength of this structure is that flow of interaction among the departments is two-way which assists the enterprise to get useful insights before strategy implementation. Secondly, the structure ensures flexibility which allows firms to have advantage of its key functional areas (Aswathappa, 2008). However, the structure is not advantageous for enterprise with few product lines and whose operations are in stable markets. The structure is complex where several meetings must be undertaken in order to come up with decisions and hence faster strategy formulation is not possible (Aswathappa, 2008). Do managers of international firms need to approach organization design differently from their counterparts in domestic firms? Why or why not? Past studies mentions that size of enterprise, level of competition, technology, wages, productivity factor and export propensity affect the performance of enterprises (Bellak, 2004). Yes, it is essential for managers to approach the organizational design differently from their counterparts in domestic firms. The reason behind it is that the complexities in dealing with different factors vary significantly between international and domestic entities. While going international new techniques of organizing activities are required for managing the differences in operating environmental factors like political and cultural elements. In order to have organizational control an entity must design its processes differently to serve consumers requirements efficiently (Bellak, 2004). How do legal, cultural, and economic factors influence product policy? External environment of enterprises differs greatly due to varied, legal, cultural and economic factors prevailing in countries (Aswathappa, 2008). Economic factors like changing rate of GDP, recession and depressions impacts the requirements and supply of items and can generate superior or poor performance. For instance, in Indonesia higher export restrictions are charged by government on timber (raw material) as it is being imported by various nations like U.S (Aswathappa, 2008). Entities operating in furniture segment largely depend on supply on timber and raw woods and higher legal restrictions Moreover, it is not necessary that same level of legal restrictions is prevailing in every parts of the globe. Cultural difference among ASEAN countries and European countries is different and therefore impacts the requirements of items (Aswathappa, 2008). What are some of the fundamental issues that must be addressed in international advertising? Some of the key issues that require to be addressed in international advertising are language barriers, improper design and symbols and varying perception of people (Okazaki, 2012). An enterprise cannot use a single language for an international marketing campaign, for instance, in India 22 different languages are spoken that could greatly impact the names and signs of brand choices (Okazaki, 2012). Similarly, cultural difference among countries like China, Mexico and U.S are different where different customs for personal and business transactions are followed (Okazaki, 2012). What are the pros and cons of trying to use single brand name in different markets, as opposed to creating unique brand names for various markets? Under single brand name, each item is named differently and sometimes there is no link among the ranges of products that the same company offers to people (Aswathappa, 2008). This branding avails the marketers to benefit from easy diversification to other field with brand diffusion. However, it can be disadvantageous for the enterprise in international marketing as they have to spend heavily on creating awareness for the items in the area going to be served (Aswathappa, 2008). What are the advantages and disadvantages of each pricing policy? Why do most international firms use market pricing? Pricing policies are of three types, competitive based, skimming and penetration pricing (Aswathappa, 2008). Under competitive (market) pricing policies an entity fixes the value of its items based on its competitive value. Skimming prices are used by firms when it wants to serve the requirements of high end consumers while under penetration pricing the cost of the item are kept low in the beginning and is raised after the product create demand among people (Aswathappa, 2008). By implementing market based pricing a company is able to compete with its different other players strongly in the area served. It can create competitive edge among the consumers by offering additional benefits within similar price of competitor (Aswathappa, 2008). Unit5-1 What basic set of factors must a firm consider when selecting a location for a production facility? While selecting a location for production facilities in different areas, an enterprise must look after various factors like (MacCarthy Atthirawong, 2001): Nature of operation: The nature of business a firm is in determines the location of production facility. For instance, construction or mining firms must always be located away from civilization to reduce pollution impacts on people while for retail stores a well-known or easily accessible area must be chosen. Transport: In order to transfer the items within desired period it is essential for the firm to choose a place for production unit from which transportation is available. Labour: Entities heavily dependent on labours for production requires setting up with their units to a place that can be easily accessible by the personnel else their non-availability can hamper the overall process. What basic factors must be addressed when managing international service operations? Factors like intangibility and perishability of services must be addressed by enterprises to while operating their activities internationally (World Bank, n.d; Ricks, 2006). Intangibility of services can crate complexities in assessing the service quality while perishability factors can make capacity planning critical (World Bank, n.d). In order to have better service operations customer participation is significantly essential as sometimes they sometimes people prefer customization of amenities based on their personal preferences. Why are services most closely associated with developed, industrialized economies? As per research, the share of service segment in U.S has increased significantly from 60% to 80% from 1950-2000 (World Bank, n.d). Currently the developed and industrialised economy is highly dominated by rising requirements of service segments like finance, hospitality, health, education and education (World Bank, n.d). With globalisation numerous entities are entering the developed or industrialised economy to have higher market share and profitability which has increased the intensity of competition to a great extent. With products or offering being similar, it has become important for enterprises to offer superior services to its consumers that are not provided by its competitors that can derive competitive edge among different players. What is translation exposure? What effect does balance sheet hedge have on translation exposure? Translation exposure is the changes that take place in the companys equities, income, assets and liabilities of enterprises as per the fluctuating exchange rate (Aswathappa, 2008). On financial statements like balance sheet this transaction exposure appears as financial increase or loss incurred by the entity as per change in value of assets. For instance, a company having a facility in Germany valued 1 million is currently 1:1 (dollar-to-Euro). However, due to variations in exchange rate the ratio changed to 1:2 as per which assets value become $500,000 which will be illustrated as a loss in balance sheet of company (Aswathappa, 2008). What capital budgeting techniques are available to international businesses? Pay Back Period Method: A process which proposes a period within which an enterprise will be able to recover its initial investment and there is no concept of time and value (Aswathappa, 2008). Accounting rate of return (ARR): Under this rate of return rate is determined in order to have percentage of earning as compared to investment made in a particular project (Aswathappa, 2008). As entire economic life of project is involved it provides the entity an option to compare better means that are available. Net present value: Expected cash flow at different time period can be determined with the help of discounted rate from which comparison between present value of cash inflow and investment initially made can be evaluated (Aswathappa, 2008). The government of Colefax and Fowlers home country, the United Kingdom, has chosen not to be a participant in European Unions (EUs) single currency scheme. Will this put Colefax and Fowler at a disadvantage in competing for business in other EU countries? If so, is there anything the company can do to reduce its disadvantages? Researchers expects that in short-term the impact of U.K exit from EU will result in currency volatility while its long-term impacts will be dependent on how the country unravels its involvement from the EU (PwC, 2016). Companies having their business in UK or EU markets can be disadvantageous as enterprises who conduct their business through financial mechanisms are going to experience adverse impacts like political instability and low US interest rate (PwC, 2016). In order to reduce its adverse implications companies must have better accessibility to financial reporting options like treasury, hedging and intercompany transactions (PwC, 2016). References Aswathappa. (2008). International Business. New-Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill. Bellak, C. (2004). How domestic and foreign firms differs and why does it matter? Retrieved from https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/11007065.pdf Bhalla, V.K. (2013). International Business. New Delhi: S. Chand Publishing. Brann, J,. (2002). Trade Policies in Indonesia. Retrieved from:https://www.saisjournal.org/posts/trade-policy-in-indonesia Carpenter, M. Dunung, S.P. (2012). International-Expansion Entry Modes. Retrieved from https://www.peoi.org/Courses/Coursessp/intlbus/ch/ch8c.html Claar, V.V. Haight, C.E. (2015). Is Fair Trade Worth Its Cost? Retrieved from: https://www.gordon.edu/ace/pdf/2015%20Spring%20-%20Claar%20and%20Haight.pdf Czako, J., Human, J. Miranda, J. (2003). A Handbook on Anti-Dumping Investigation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. European Commission. (2011). Implementation of the Market Access Strategy. Retrieved from https://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2011/may/tradoc_147927.pdf Fairtarde Labelling Organizations International.(2011). Benefits of Fairtrade. Retrieved from: https://www.fairtrade.net/about-fairtrade/benefits-of-fairtrade.html Fyfe, A. (2012). Export Restrictions on Natural Resources: The Case of Indonesia and Vietnam. Retrieved from: https://www.fao.org/docrep/003/x6900e/x6900e0d.htm Gao. (2005). International trade issues and effects of implementing the Continued Dumping and Subsidy Offset. Collingdale: Diane Publishing. Harrison, J.P. (2010). Essentials of Strategic Planning in Healthcare. Retrieved from https://www.ache.org/pdf/secure/gifts/Harrison_Chapter5.pdf Khannd, T., Palepu, K.G. Sinha, J. (2005). Strategies that fits emerging markets. Retrieved from https://hbr.org/2005/06/strategies-that-fit-emerging-markets Lymbersky, C. (2008). Market Entry Strategies: Text, Cases and Readings in Market Entry Management. Germany: Management Laboratory. MacCarthy, B Atthirawong, W. (2001). Critical Factors in International Location Decisions: A Delphi Study. Retrieved from https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.563.3550rep=rep1type=pdf Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment. (2015). Strategic alliances and Joint Venture. Retrieved from https://www.business.govt.nz/support-and-advice/advice-mentoring/for-exporters/strategic-alliances-and-joint-ventures Okazaki,S. (2012). Handbook of Research on International Advertising. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing. PwC. (2016). What you need to know about the potential financial impacts of Brexit. Retrieved from https://www.pwc.com/us/en/cfodirect/publications/in-the-loop/brexit-financial-volatility-us-companies.html Ricks, D.A. (2006). Blunders in International Business. London: John Wiley Sons. Tang, J. Liu, B.S. (2011). A Network Based Theory Of Foreign Market Entry Mode And Post-Entry Performance. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2 (23), 50-59. The Sailor Foundation. (2013). Strategy Formulation. Retrieved from https://www.saylor.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Saylor.orgs-Strategy-Formulation.pdf U.S. Department of Health Human Services. (2015). SWOT Analysis: Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats. Retrieved from https://eclkc.ohs.acf.hhs.gov/hslc/tta-system/operations/mang-sys/planning/2SWOTAnalysisS.htm World Bank. (no date). Growth of the Service Sector. Retrieved from https://www.worldbank.org/depweb/beyond/beyondco/beg_09.pdf WTO, (2016). Principles of the trading system. Retrieved from https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/fact2_e.htm WTO. (no date). Exceptions to WTO Rules: General Exceptions, Security Exceptions, Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs), Balanceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ofà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Payments (BOPs) Waivers. Retrieved from https://ecampus.wto.org/admin/files/Course_382/Module_537/ModuleDocuments/eWTO-M8-R1-E.pdf

Prosthetics Essays - Medical Equipment, Biological Engineering

Prosthetics Introduction Prosthetics is the branch of surgery dealing with mechanical devices used to reproduce the form and function of missing body parts. Prosthetics is the replacement of faulty or amputated body parts with artificial body parts. Artificial limbs have been in use since at least 300 BC. In AD 1509 German knight, Gtz von Berlichingen, called Gtz of the Iron Hand, wore an artificial hand with jointed fingers. Early in the 19th century a German prosthesist built a hand with fingers that could be flexed or extended and that could hold light objects, such as a pen or a hat. Before World War I (1914-1918), wood was considered the best substance for making artificial legs, but later an aluminum alloy called Duraluminum, and more recently fiber materials, have made artificial limbs both lightweight and strong. In recent years, the manufacture of prosthetic devices has developed into a science. Artificial limbs with functioning joints can simulate natural motion. Hip joint prostheses can provide vi rtually normal mobility for people with damaged hip joints. History Artificial limbs, in one form or other, have been in use from ancient times. In 1885, a specimen was discovered in a tomb at Capua, Italy, along with other relics dating from 300BC. The celebrated artificial hand built in 1509 for the German knight Gotz von Berlichingen, who was called Gotz of the Iron Hand, weighed about 1.4 kg (3 lb.) and had articulated fingers so constructed as to be able to grasp a sword or lance. The hand is in the Nrnberg Museum and is still in working order. Early in the 19th century a German prosthesist built a hand with fingers that could be flexed or extended without assistance and yet could still close to hold light objects, such as a pen, a handkerchief, or a hat. In 1851, a French prosthesist invented an artificial arm fitted with a wooden hand and attached to a leather socket that fitted the stump firmly. The fingers were half-closed, the thumb pivoted on a pin and could press firmly against the fingertips by a concealed, strong rubber band; the grasp of the thumb could be operated by a mechanism attached to the opposite shoulder. The same inventor devised a leg that reproduced a natural gait and lengthened the stride. Technology Before World War I, wood was universally considered the best substance for making artificial legs. Prosthetic devices made of leather reinforced with metal bands tended to lose their shape and were therefore unsatisfactory. Finally, the use of an aluminum alloy called Duraluminum, and later of fiber materials, made possible the manufacture of an artificial limb that was both lightweight and strong. Synthetic polymers now being introduced provide a skin-like covering for some forms of prosthesis. To ensure maximum comfort for the wearer some prosthetic devices are now fitted immediately following amputation of the natural limb. A rigid plaster dressing is applied to the site, serving as a socket for the attachment of a temporary prosthetic device. More recently, use of a removable plaster dressing has reduced pain and infections while the prosthesis is being fitted. In certain severe cases, permanent artificial arms are equipped with small battery-powered motors, which facilitate move ment at the joints. The Committee on Prosthetics Research and Development of the National Research Council coordinates the design and development of prosthetic devices. Special prosthetic training schools have been set up at several universities for the teaching of modern prosthetic concepts to physicians, surgeons, prosthesists, and physical and rehabilitation counselors. Prosthetics are used for more than just amputated body parts, it can be used for special effects such as special costumes and contact lenses. Prosthetics is one of the oldest and most important new technologies in the science world today. Much of the attention in this field is focused on cloning right now due to the fact that prosthetics have not had any extremely new or amazing finds after cloning.

Production of Acetone from isopropyl alcohol

Introduction Acetone is one of the most widely used solvents in the world and can be used as an intermediate for several commercial products such as acrylic plastic, bisphenol, polycarbonates and epoxy resin, paints, and adhesives among others. According to Tremoulet et al. (Para 2), Acetone is often a by-product of phenol, with scientists capable of producing acetone from a variety of materials including propylene, cumene, and isopropanol.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Production of Acetone from isopropyl alcohol specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In industrial production acetone is an organic compound with a chemical formula of (CH3)2CO. Tremoulet et al. affirm that during production of cumene, â€Å"hydro peroxide generated from this process undergoes slicing to engender phenol and acetone† (Para 2). Where scientists require a high concentration of high-purity acetone, they can undertake Catalytic dehy drogenation of isopropanol as a substitute method to manufacturing acetone. As a fresh engineer and based on knowledge in chemical engineering, this paper seeks to design an acetone plant that produces 50 thousand tons per year from isopropyl alcohol. Problem Statement For several decades, scientists have consistently tried to incorporate knowledge to individuals on how to produce simple acetone, with the importance of acetone becoming widely known. A research documented by Rahman indicates, â€Å"The catalytic hydrogenation of acetone is an important area of catalytic process to produce fine chemicals† (113). The fine chemicals are useful since the form key element in the conversion of liquid or gaseous fuels as well as having important application in the heat pumps. Typically, scientists have developed vast number of homogeneous complexes and heterogeneous catalysts that have existed until the date for the production fine chemicals, with little knowledge existing in the pro duction of acetone using isopropyl alcohol (IARC 479). For this reason therefore, this paper seeks to provide a comprehensive report on the chemical production of acetone using isopropyl alcohol as the main material. Physical properties of all components Acetone is an organic compound having several physical properties during the entire process of production. Following the procedure in the production of acetone, the several materials emerge during and after the production. To begin with, in the feed drum there are normally three materials in this mixture.Advertising Looking for report on chemistry? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The mixtures found in the feed drum as described in the production process entail recycle stream, water, and isopropyl alcohol. This mixture has a number of physical properties noted as colourless, moveable, with mildly pungent smell and liquid in nature (IARC 481). The mixture goes through all other procedures including processes in the vaporizer, heater and reactor the mixture maintains similar physical characteristics. However, flammability of the mixture is eminent throughout the process and engineers should take caution during the chemical production of acetone. In the final process, the mixture produces acetone, as the final product and this liquid possesses characteristics such as colorlessness, mobility, flammability, and pungency in its smell. Production process and alternative processes In the process of producing acetone-using isopropyl alcohol, several processes are inclusive in this procedure. Since the advent of discovery of production of acetone, several Chemical Engineering processes and procedures have emerged with a range of materials proving imperative. As mentioned before, acetone can result from the chemical reaction of several materials. Laboratory production of Acetone can use isopropyl alcohol as the reactant; can use oxidation of Propylene process, oxida tion of Butanol, oxidation of Isopropyl Benzene as well as Dehydrogenation of Isopropanol (Arda et al. 8). During the production or engineering process of acetone, all chemical reactions involved are essential to produce fine acetone, which is useful commonly as a solvent. To understand the chemical production of acetone, this study provides the entire engineering process of acetone from isopropyl alcohol using â€Å"feed drum, vaporizer, heater, reactor, furnace, cooler, condenser, flash unit, scrubber, acetone and IPA columns† (Arda et al. 10). The study will also provide a diagrammatic presentation of the process. Production process In common processes, original invention of acetone instigates in the feed drum where mixing of feed including isopropyl alcohol, water, and recycle stream takes place. Vigorous mixing of these feeds (components) leads to a substantial reaction. From the feed drum, the mixture goes to another important stage, where the vaporizer provides room fo r further chemical reaction (Arda et al. 11).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Production of Acetone from isopropyl alcohol specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The mixture in the vaporizer changes the streams phase into vapor. After undergoing the necessary procedures required in the vaporizer, the mixture undergoes another important phase in the heater. In the heater chamber, the mixture undergoes vigorous heating to enhance reaction through subjecting the mixture to higher temperatures. Reactor is another important section, where this section provides tubular flow reaction. In the reactor, the process is capable of achieving two products namely, Acetone, hydrogen gas, while isopropyl and water undergo discharging. A concentrated mixture comprising of hydrogen, water, acetone, and isopropyl-alcohol proceeds to the cooler and then further to the condenser unit before it proceeds to the flash unit. In the flash unit Hydrogen, acetone, isopropyl-alcohol and water form the top product. The top product comprising of acetone proceeds to another important procedure in the scrubber. In the scrubber chamber, the main purpose is to separate hydrogen gas from the mixture. Thereafter, the bottom product produced in the flash unit comprising of water, isopropyl alcohol, and acetone is mixed with the bottom product from the scrubber in the acetone column. In the acetone column, the reaction produces acetone from the top product with almost 99-wtpercentage isopropyl and water (Arda et al. 7). 0.1% of acetone then proceeds to isopropyl alcohol column from the bottom product. Finally, the top product of the isopropyl column is taken to the feed drum. The remaining part of mixture (residue) found, popularly referred as bottom product, remains as dissipate of the reaction. The following is the general formulae for the reactions in the production of acetone using isopropyl alcohol. Advertising Looking for report on chemistry? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The production of acetone Discussion of the production process In the feed drum: A feed is a tank like object used in the mixing of the recycle stream and the feed stream. The mixture ran at a temperature of 25 Degrees Celsius in the feed stream, which the engineers assumed it was constant. The temperature in the recycle stream used was about 110 degrees Celsius. In the vaporizer: to reduce the chemical reaction speed necessary in the fine production acetone, it was important to consider the use of salt. Engineers used similar temperature of the mixture leaving the feed drum to maintain the reaction in the vaporizer. The mixture undergoes several chemical reactions to produce the product known as acetone. Kinetic data of the reactions During the chemical production process of acetone energy consumption and the rate of consumption are important factors considered in a bid to obtain fine acetone. This report adopted the kinetic energy data provided by (Arda et al. 15) to explain the e nergy consumption of the process. This part covered energy data consumed in the Feed Drum, where the process begins to the isopropyl-alcohol column, where the process ends. Other related processes (Chemical processes) Oxidation of Propylene-as postulated before, several other processes can be useful in production of acetone. Production of acetone can involve oxidation of Propylene. In normal occasions, a process for production of acetone by direct oxidation of propylene, involves the oxidation process by air. The process principally involves a solution of copper chloride with small quantities of palladium chloride mixed in the air to produce acetone. Chemical formulae: C3H6 + 1/2O2 —–CH3COCH3 Oxidation of Butanol- chemical engineers can as well produce acetone from a process of oxidation of Butanol. Rahman asserts, â€Å"The solvent used methanol, ethanol, propanol; n-butanol, ethylene glycol; propylene glycol, diethylene glycol, and triethylene glycol are useful solvents for hydrogenation reactions† (120). According to Arda et al., catalytic oxidation of butane by using cobalt and manganese acetate produces acetic acid under a temperature rate of 150-225 degrees Celsius, where butane undergoes oxidation to produce acetone of almost 75-80% yield (18). Chemical formulae: CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 + O2——-CH3COOH + CH3COCH Oxidation of Isopropyl Benzene (Cumene) – Cumene is an organic compound produced from an integrated process of producing phenol. Production of phenol further involves, â€Å"alkylation of benzene with propene to obtain cumene, oxidation of cumene to cumene hydro peroxide, acid cleavage of cumene hydro peroxide to produce phenol and acetone† (Rahman 114). According to the explanation given by Arda et al. (21), cumene is simply a product obtained from synthesis of propylene and benzene and oxidation of the product to produce acetone and phenol. Dehydrogenation of Isopropanol- Another important method of obtaining acetone is dehydrogenation of Isopropanol. Rahman postulates, â€Å"Isopropanol is widely regarded as an essential commodity in fine chemical synthesis which is used as a solvent in the industry and academia† (113). Normally, hydrogenation of acetone leads to production of Isopropanol, and the vice versa is that dehydrogenation of Isopropanol produces acetone. The catalyst used in this process is Zinc Oxide (ZnO) (IARC 483). The following is the chemical formulae for dehydrogenation of Isopropanol. Chemical formulae: (CH3)2CHOH ——(CH3)3CO + H2 Safety and environment concerns It is important to consider personal health and environmental safety concerns while undertaking chemical production of acetone. Acetone is a chemical like any other and there are possibilities of causing harm to human beings, animals and the entire flora and fauna (Tremoulet et al. Para 6). All chemicals used in the production of acetone comprise of some caution notices, which engi neers of acetone should follow strictly to avoid explosive reactions. In special attention, engineers should ensure that they prevent contamination of soil, drains and surface water. According to Arda et al. (17), engineers interested in the production of acetone should strictly adhere to all industrial principles governing the production and consumption of chemicals including handling and storing of hazardous chemicals. Acetone forms explosive mixtures with air and is extremely explosive and users of this chemical should remain keen throughout. Engineers should address any accidental inhalation or suffocation and any accidental cases with any first aid before considering seeking health assistance from physicians. Preliminary cost of the materials For engineers to engage in the production of acetone, it is imperative to consider the preliminary cost of production. However, the cost of producing acetone depends entirely on the amount of acetone produced. The major aim of preferring t o produce more attractive and affordable acetone in the market was to employ the use of isopropyl alcohol in producing acetone (Rahman 118). The production of acetone using isopropyl alcohol must be in a position to demonstrate the aspect of saving. Several materials and chemicals were useful and mandatory for the successful production of acetone. In a bid to determine the overall production cost of acetone for this project, this study employed a program costing technique known as CAPCOST to estimate the price of equipment employed. The following table provides a detailed cost data for the production of acetone of this study as adopted from an empirical study by Tremoulet et al. Total Production cost for acetone using isopropyl alcohol Item description Cost of the item Reactor Bare Module $204,300 Heat Exchanger Bare Module $96,500 Fired Heater Bare Module $234,200 Pump Bare Module $73,100 Vessel Bare Module $9,600 Bare Module Cost of Reaction Side $617,700 Catalyst $68,200 Total $496,100 Summary of the literature review Acetone is an organic compound produced using different chemical methods. However, this study dealt with the chemical production of acetone using isopropyl alcohol, which is an essential component in the production of acetone. Acetone is one of the most widely used solvents in the world and can be used as intermediate for several commercial products such as acrylic plastic, bisphenol, polycarbonates and epoxy resin, paints and adhesives, etc. In other places, acetone has been useful in nurturing women beauty, where women have used acetone in removing nail cuticles (Tremoulet et al. Para 7). Acetone is often a by-product of phenol, with scientists capable of producing acetone from a variety of materials including propylene, cumene, and isopropanol. Acetone production involves several chemical and physical processes including heating, vaporizing, reacting, cooling, condensing, flashing, heating and scrubbing. Production of acetone begins in the feed drum and ends in the isopropyl column where acetone finally emerges. One chemical formula can be useful in summarizing the process of producing acetone. CH3-CHOH-CH3 CH3-CO-CH3 + H2 can summarize the chemical reaction process in the production of acetone. It is also important to notice that production of acetone is a very reactive process that needs consideration of safety and environmental concern. All chemicals used in the production of acetone comprise of some caution notices, which engineers of acetone should follow strictly to avoid explosive reactions. Acetone forms explosive mixtures with air and is extremely explosive and users of this chemical should remain keen throughout. Finally, engineers should address any accidental inhalation or suffocation and any accidental cases with any first aid before considering seeking health assistance from physicians. Works Cited Arda, Urun, Serkan Acarser, Muge Metin, Sila Gungor, and Ali Kucuk. Chemical Engineer ing Design Project: Acetone Production, 2009. Web. IARC. Isopropyl Alcohol Manufacture by the Strong-Acid Process. PDF file. Web. Rahman, Ateeq. â€Å"Catalytic Hydrogenation of Acetone to Isopropanol: An Environmentally Benign Approach.† Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering Catalysis 5.2 (2010): 113 – 126. Print. Tremoulet Mike, Mike Unton, and Ed Feng. Production of Acetone Using Catalytic Dehydrogenation of Isopropyl Alcohol, 1998. Web. This report on Production of Acetone from isopropyl alcohol was written and submitted by user Jillian Farmer to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

talibans women essays

taliban's women essays The article AFTER THE ATTACK; Extremists Put Own Twist on Faith written by Teresa Watanabe for Los Angeles Times states that the Afghanistans Taliban has committed crimes against women and girls. For six years the Feminist Majority Foundation has condemned Talibans crimes against women and the have been saying that in a country where so many people have no rights will create international instability. The organization opposes to widespread air strikes but also negotiations with the Taliban. They believe that human rights should be a priority in the moths to come. In 1996 the foundation started a campaign to stop gender apartheid and included Afghan women who under the ruling of Taliban they cant no longer work, attend to school, leave their homes or receive medical treatment. David Gibbs, an associate professor of political science at the University of Arizona and an expert on Afghanistan said that the international community should not accept groups that abuse women and girls. I believe that women should have equal rights as men anywhere in the world and reading about Talibans actions against women irritates me. Coming from the West it seems unbelievable that women cant work or go to schools. My mother studied a career and worked in the 70s and nobody opposed to it. Begun in 1996, the foundation's Campaign to Stop Gender Apartheid has been the nation's loudest voice in protesting the treatment of Afghan women who, under the ruling Taliban, have been stripped of basic human rights. They are no longer allowed to work, to attend school, to leave their homes or to receive medical treatment. groups that mistreat women and girls should be ostracized by the international community. "We have been saying for years that a country where so many people have no rights will create international instability, that human rights should be a priority in the weeks and months to come. ...

Personal statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 46

Personal Statement Example One thing I love about Marketing is that it is never boring. I see myself in a role where I would be constantly updating myself on the latest trends and consumer preferences, the latest techniques of advertising, and new wonders of digital technology. Another very appealing aspect of Marketing is that it requires teamwork. People from different cultures join hands, bringing the very best from their respective cultures, to promote a product or service. As a Marketer, I shall be able to socialize with culturally diverse peers on daily basis and form long-lasting contacts and bonds with them. Marketing is like artwork. It takes an innovative approach for an ad or other means of marketing to gain that special attention for the audience which can make the sales for a particular product or service stand out. It takes thorough knowledge, deep thinking, prudent planning, teamwork, dedication, and commitment to successfully market a product or service. All these elements combined in one profession make it worth more than just a source of income. The satisfaction and feeling of accomplishment that comes with the success of a product or service because of effective marketing is overwhelming. Successful brands like Gucci, Giorgio Armani, and Pepsi heavily invest in marketing and the sales profile reflects the fruit of investment. I love the experimentation in Marketing. From issuing loyalty stamps to the customers to discount days, Marketers are always busy trying something new to enlarge the customer base and gain customer loyalty. Having practiced these techniques for some years in some big firms, I intend to apply the lessons and techniques thus learned to make my own brand successful, which I intend to establish some years later. Marketing can make or break a business, so it is crucially important for someone who aspires to become an entrepreneur in the long-term to be formally