Summary Of Elizabeth Diazs I Am My Member - 1505 Words

Here are my members in my group: Elizabeth Diaz: She was born in San Francisco, CA to Mexican parents. Automatically made her a US Citizen until this day labeled as full Mexican. Diaz said it was difficult for her to grow up into Mexican Culture, never really fit in. One thing she dislikes the most was people labeled her many racist names. Diaz being a grown woman, she’s proud being Mexican American and learns more about her culture. Ashten Gray: Gray is from Dallas, Texas Lesbian, Graffiti Artist and Marijuana user. She befriended with many people of color and she is White. Brigitte Anne Dionisio: Dionisio was born and grew up in the Philippines, moved to the US with siblings at 11 years old. Her family, both speak Tagalog and English fluently at home, Dionisio said in her culture Family is valuable, and â€Å"That’s what my elders teach us at every generation.† Says Dionisio. She and her family aren’t religious; Dionisio does go to church on Sundays with her family. Birthdays, Holidays, or any occasion, family always get to together everyone has to attend. She is from a huge family, she follows every Filipino tradition. Monthisa Jamara Alton: Born in Sacramento, CA Alton is African American was raised in a Seventh-day Adventist Church was raised in a African American population, her educational experience was different though was different though the same under current of segregation was present Alton interacted and managed a more multicultural environment. She attended

Features of Legal Regulation of Electronic †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Features of Legal Regulation of Electronic. Answer: Introduction: Among every other profession, the legal profession is considered as a pious and noble profession and the people practicing it are said to hold a strong dogma of ethics and morals in order to put and give an honest and service to the society through the role played by them in their profession. Over time, strict rules regarding the profession have been developed throughout the world. However, in this case, special reference is made regarding the legal norms and ethics which prevail in South Africa, which like those in any other part of the world, are very strict and severe as to their implication and violation respectively. Breach of any professional ethics may even dismiss the practicing licence of the concerned legal practitioner and stuck his name out of the enrolment of names of legal practitioners. One important feature of the rules and ethics of the profession is that they are not mentioned in any legislation and are hence identified on the basis of the ideologies and principles of the senior practicing professionals and guided as per their perspective and outlook. Coming down to the issue of virtual money in South Africa, there is one important aspect which requires to be mentioned giving due importance and mention. The tax legislation in South Africa covers a very vast extent as to its application, and therefore, analysis of every aspect of it would be difficult due to its extensive nature. The current legislation of South Africa although does not make any distinctive and particular provision regarding Bit coin, it has suggested a provision as to the issue stating that the concerned authorities of South Africa have the privilege to to make amendments and alterations in the countrys legislation as they consider it to be convenient and essentia. Every related provision regarding the banking services and the financial services in South Africa include a series of activities which are highly regulated. In this aspect, financial technology has done a great deal in making a significant and distinct challenge to the existing framework. This challenge has been however, accepted by the South African Reserve Bank and initiatives are duly taken to figure them out and meet them. In this aspect it is important to mention that financial technology has a great potential to alter and frame down the existing model of financial and banking working structure, which essentially follows the traditional way of working. Financial technology has a related aspect known as Block Chain which gives a provision to the concerned people according to which the working of the middleman and the associated cost as to his service can be cut short or eliminated from the whole range of activities in this aspect. This system can be disruptive as it has the users have the ability to record the transactions of any person with any other person. As a result of all these aspects, the traditional provisions relating to financial and banking services have become greatly irrelevant and the financial technologies which are based on solutions which are framed upon self service framework which have gained prevalence. Certain risks have been associated with virtual currencies which are figured out by the South African Reserve Bank, and some of them are claimed to be related with the Block Chain technologies. Certain risks associated with this system include risks related to credit and liquidity, stability of price, money laundering risks and customer risks. An important aspect regarding Block Chain system is that, it is not regulated and controlled by a single person and hence, the entire system lacks in a well defined provider of centralised services who could be inquired by any regulator in case of any supervision. An effective study of the entire process gives an assumption that the regulating framework regarding payment can be easily accommodated with the use of the Block Chain services. Some hold the assumptions that similar regulating framework regarding payment processes can be easily synchronised with the use of Block Chain services. Another set of intermediary ideas have been brought by m any researchers which state that the same regulatory framework as followed by the concerned financial technologies are adopted in the Block Chain services. As a consequence to all these factors, if the regulating framework intends to the entire system with the help of a central figure or a well defined management body, such services or programmes shall prove to be insufficient and inadequate, which means that due consideration and analysis is required for the fundamental and philosophical plannings in the system of payment regulation. The various researches regarding the affect and extended popularity of virtual currency has given rise to several hypothesis or ideologies which are needed to be discussed along with the other aspects related to the concept. Virtual currency does not exactly fall under the definition of money or currency in general terms under the ascertained legal perspective. It is more appropriately considered as digital money which is not issued by banks or by any credit insurance, or by any e-commerce institution. The emerging business models are an important factor in making any kind of research analysis regarding virtual currencies. They assess, store and transfer the units of virtual currency. Some of the researches are designed with an entirely different and new technical characteristic with the aim to improve the functioning and working of certain essential ingredients in the ecosystem dealing with virtual currencies. Apart from all these factors, there is a unit called VCS which have grabb ed the attention of a number of international institutions. The research works as made in accordance with VCS bring out the various disadvantages associated with the entire process which include lack of factors like transparency, clarity, and an attitude to continue, highly volatile character and excessive dependency on information technology management. However, the international institutions supporting VCS, after making sufficient research on such related issue have stated that all the researches have brought positive aspects regarding financial innovations and also by providing extra and additional means of providing payment alternatives to the customers. The Financial Action Task Force (FATF) has issued a report which states that the coming of the issue of virtual currencies have not only emerged as a completely new dimension, but has also attracted the idea of investing in payment infrastructure which is entirely build on their particular working protocols. The main intention behind the working of these new payment mechanisms is providing new methods for transferring transaction and related data over the internet. FATF has brought with it a new aspect of financial innovations; while on the other hand, concepts and services like virtual currency programmes have initiated the matters of money laundering and terrorist financing, giving rise to several money risks and crime risks. The researches have thus, confined the approach regarding virtual currency to only payment, excluding products and services, thus limiting the entire discussions to only payments. He matters regarding virtual money is important in several areas and fields which include those of enforcement of law, tax authorities and regulators of law or legal regulators. They all emphasise the ways and the related methods in which the aspect of virtual money fits into the framework of the above mentioned issues. The legality of virtual money would depend upon the identity of the person and the acts of the particular person regarding the work so done in order to gain of formulate the virtual money. The way to control the use of virtual money and the means to bring their circulation under control has made many legal practitioners and people working in the legal perspective conscious and alert. Also the means to control this issue of virtual money has been put in the forefront of the legal arena with sufficient interest and emphasis given to it. Whether virtual money is legal or not has been answered by many eminent legal practitioners in the most efficient way. Virtual money can acquire the status of legal money and be considered to be legal based on the point and depending upon what its owner is doing with it, or how the owner of the virtual money is utilising it. Virtual money has been ever since the cause of money laundering and law professionals are always concerned about the fact that, currency has a feature of been decentralised. The law authorities of South Africa have made a distinction between decentralised digital currencies like web money, gold, etc and virtual money. Such authorities expressed their concerns that due to the improper regulation of off shore services, an opportunity may be given to the criminals in which they can use the acquired virtual money without been able to be traced. Such use of virtual money can be curbed essentially for fulfilling illegal and illicit initiatives. The virtual money so acquired is largely used for as a popular form of currency while trading in Silk Roads. Silk Roads are anonymous markets a ccess to which can be attained only by browsing networks. The Silk Roads are primarily used for buying and selling of certain goods which are otherwise illegal throughout the world or globally, but are legal in many countries. Such goods include drugs like narcotics. Virtual currency has been named as surrogate currency and a demand or call has been made to curb down its use and its availability as well and bring it in the category of controlled substance[12]. The regulations so put up may be on a nationalised basis or on the sub country level and they vary accordingly. Regulators and law practitioners work both at national and sub country level in order to draw a control over the possession and use of the virtual money. They allot guidelines regarding the way virtual currencies should be actually used and utilised on a welfare motive. Further, under these provisions, the transactions made with virtual currencies are classified as money service business or money transmitting business. In such cases, a distinctive feature called Anti Money Laundering Service is required to be undertaken along with another feature called Know Your Client measures in order to trace the business line and getting to know the people with whom the holders of virtual money are conducting business with. A virtual stockholder is basically of three types. Each holder of virtual money can fall in more than one category and each such category has its own distinct features and its own individual legal considerations. Owners or holders of virtual money either spend them by investing in several businesses, or may hoard the virtual currency. As per the legal provisions dealing with virtual currency, those holders who hold them only for the sale and purchase of goods and services are using it legally. In this aspect, mention is to be given to the finCEN concept or guidance which deals with this issue which says that, any owner of virtual currency who creates a convertible unit of virtual currency which is essentially used for the purpose of buying and purchasing real goods and services, is not exposed to the rules and regulations as a money transmitter, rather, is the one who is the user of convertible virtual currency. However, as per the same concept, those owners or holders of virtual cur rency are actually the ones who create such currency and exchange them for flat notes, are the ones who can be termed as the danger or threat to the entire system or procedure, and are not considered to be safe. This concept further says that a person who owns virtual currency and uses it to make convertible units of such currency, so as to sale those created units of currency to people in exchange of real currency, so as to transmit the money to another location, are termed as money transmitters and pose a serious threat. The miners are considered to fall under this particular category, and they have asked for a real clarification for putting them under such category, which has been duly provided. The third category includes those persons who work as an exchange and accepts the convertible currency which is decentralised, from one person and passes it to another, as a part of the exchange or transfer of the currency in the form of funds, or any other value, which can be substituted in the place of currency. The entire study and analysis made in this project have clearly brought down all the related, virtual and direct aspects of virtual currency. Its main element of Bit coin has elaborately discussed by giving due emphasis on every term and issue related to it. The various ways in which the harmful effects of virtual currency can be duly regulated have also been discussed accordingly. The risks which are associated with regulating and efficiently dealing and regulating virtual currency gave been clearly chalked out. The research hypothesis and the research methodologies so associated have been keenly illuminated giving a spotlight on every research made on this upcoming topic of virtual currency. Lastly, the legal provisions associated with the limitation and control along with the analysis of the concept has been elaborately discussed. Conclusion The reports so made by the legal authorities of South Africa have been evaluated by the jurisdiction of several other countries and held to be apt and appropriate. The prescribed regulations and the given statements have been considered by several government offices who deal with the issues regarding virtual currencies and also by government offices who deal with virtual currency handling in business transactions. The various impacts and consequences are studied and appropriate measures are also reached and further innovations are planned to be achieved with progress of time. References Belloc, H. (1967).On. Freeport, N.Y.: Books for Libraries Press. Bento, A. and Aggarwal, A. (2013).Cloud computing service and deployment models. Hershey, PA: Business Science Reference. Dasgupta, S. (2012).Technical, social, and legal issues in virtual communities. Hershey, Pa.: IGI Global. Hughes, K. (2009).The PLA reader for public library directors and managers. New York: Neal-Schuman Publishers. Roth, M., Snell, J. and Blum, P. (n.d.).TechLaw institute, 2015. Stro?h, J. (2017).The esports market and esports sponsoring. Baden-Baden: Tectum Verlag. VanHoose, D. (2011).E-comerce economics. London: Routledge. Mackenzie, R. (1998). Virtual Money, Vanishing Law: Dematerialisation in Electronic Funds Transfer, Financial Wrongs and Doctrinal Makeshifts in English Legal Structures.Journal of Money Laundering Control, 2(1), pp.22-32. Morris, E. (2010). Biosafety regulations in South Africa.African Crop Science Journal, 3(3). Brodbeck, S. (2007). Virtual Money: A New Form of Privately Issued Money in the Money Market.SSRN Electronic Journal. Carre, D. (2009). Virtual Goods Transfers in Virtual Worlds: Legal and Economic Stakes.SSRN Electronic Journal. Kinicki, A. and Fugate, M. (2016).Organizational behavior. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education. Roth, M., Snell, J. and Blum, P. (n.d.).TechLaw institute, 2015. , ?. (2016). Features of the legal regulation of of electronic money in Ukraine; civil legal aspect.Theory and practice of jurisprudence, 2(10), p.4. Mackenzie, R. (1998). Virtual Money, Vanishing Law: Dematerialisation in Electronic Funds Transfer, Financial Wrongs and Doctrinal Makeshifts in English Legal Structures.Journal of Money Laundering Control, 2(1), pp.22-32.

10 Compare and Contrast Essay Topics on Cultural Relativism

10 Compare and Contrast Essay Topics on Cultural Relativism Cultural relativism is a complex matter that needs thorough processing. When writing a compare and contrast essay on it you will need a few solid facts. It is for this reason what we’ve prepared the 10 below for you. Please be sure to check them: Cultural relativity is the idea that cultures are responsible for shaping perceived notions, beliefs, and the value systems of their organization. It is also believed that culture is what informs people within a specific group and directs their behavior. In the fields of linguistics and psychology, the theory of cultural relativism is the one which has been explored for economic, sociological, and political gains. It is hoped by some researchers that their findings can contribute to better knowledge about cultures. Cultural relativism is explored typically by ethnographic research, where the scientists are the observers within a culture. Immanuel Kant played a key role in the foundation of cultural relativism, whose ideas were challenged by Johannes Gottfried Herder. Herder helped to inspire better research aside from pure reason, specifically as it related to ethnology and geography. It is here that it was argued that humans will rely upon signs in order to gain comprehension and make decisions, signs which are not necessarily from a god or celestial authority but are handed down within their community. Human communities have their own understanding, their own knowledge, their own meaning, and each person within that community gains specific cultural enlightenment. One area often passed down among cultures is the idea of gender roles and what constitutes a rite of passage. The Catholic faith hinders a sexual rite of passage by regulating sexuality and linking any sexual act outside of a committed marriage to sin. The Catholic Church significantly interferes with the sexual rite of passage associated with the sociocultural transitory phases of sexuality. Whether a lifestyle of complete devotion or a lifestyle of complete sin, both are harmful to the development of a person and contradictory to the sexual development of individual consciousness. The rite of passage is meant as a sociocultural idea, categorized as the liminal period. It is an inter-structural situation which is experienced as the individual but influenced by the culture or society. The successful rite of passage encompasses the full transition from one state to another. In this instance, â€Å"state’ relates to a fixed or at least stable condition, which can include things such as social constancies like a profession or a calling, or can include the physical, mental, and emotional conditions in which a person might be at a unique moment in time. State is culturally recognized as the two ends of a process of becoming, or a transformation. Conflicts between new and old nations are often rooted in a lack of cultural relativism, or one wherein the two cultures refuse to be accommodating or accepting of the other. Nowhere is this more prevalent than in the Middle East. The conflict in the Middle East, between Israelis and Palestinians, can be said to have roots in several of these common issues. For one thing, the conflict itself tends to be viewed as a religious one. This is because the Israeli state was created as a haven for the remaining Jewish population at the end of World War II. It is estimated that the Holocaust eliminated 1/3 of all Jewish persons in the world, and the newly-founded United Nations along with many supporters helped to establish Israel. This means that it is a Jewish state in the heart of the Arab world. The Arab world is predominantly Muslim, and this is where the majority of the religious conflict can be identified. Just because one nation is Jewish and other is Muslim, is not the sole reason of the conflict. Political and economic causes are also present. In their rush to establish a reasonable and tenable place for Jewish immigrants to settle, leaders in Europe and the United States have failed to address the dissatisfaction of the existing population in what had been Palestine, and which was divided up to create Israel. Black Liberation Theology is a theological system founded by Reverend James Cone. Its origins begin in 1966 with the National Committee of Negro Churchman. Over the decades, this theological belief system has purported that God is black and that His Word is focused on helping the oppressed and the downtrodden. Within American Christianity the ideas of slavery and race were purportedly supported by the Bible. Southern Baptists supported slavery with the Bible and not until 1995 was a formal Declaration of Repentance adopted which declared all forms of racism as deplorable and lamented, with all historical ties to racism an evil part of history. It was the Southern Baptist Committee who issued a formal apology for having perpetuated racism. And while all branches of Christianity had their racist past ties, Black Liberation theology attests that Christ is the forerunner for pursuing individual sanctuary and opposing racism. As a result, dialogue must be had regarding the implications that historical racism had on the black community. Black liberation theology primarily focuses today on how to make Christianity real for the African American community. It explains that Christianity focuses on liberation in the here and the now, not just in the afterlife. The goal of this theology is not to require special treatment, but to require freedom and justice. Black theologians use scripture as the sanction for these demands. These should make your essay writing firm and greatly improve your narrative. For additional information you may check our 20 topics and 1 sample essay on cultural relativism along with our guide on a compare and contrast essay on this topic. References: Berry, Jack W. Radical Cultural Relativism and the Concept of Intelligence. Culture and  Cognition: Readings in Cross-Cultural Psychology  (1974): 225-229. Betwixt and Between: The Liminal Period.  Rites De Passage. Proceedings of the American  Ethnological Society, 1965. 93-111. Print. Brems, Eva. Enemies or allies? Feminism and cultural relativism as dissident voices in  Human Rights Discourse.  Human Rights Quarterly  19.1 (1997): 136-164. Christensen, Harold T. Cultural relativism and premarital sex norms.American Sociological  Review  (1960): 31-39. Cook, John W. Morality and Cultural Differences. (1999). Donnelly, Jack. Cultural Relativism and Universal Human Rights.  Human Rights  Quarterly  6.4 (1984): 400-419. Gell, Alfred. The Anthropology of Time: Cultural Constructions of Temporal Maps and  Images. (1992). Herskovits, Melville J. Cultural Relativism; Perspectives in Cultural Pluralism. (1972). Joyce, James.  A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man.  New York: Viking, 1964. Print.

Understanding Finance Essay Example

Understanding Finance Essay Example Understanding Finance Essay Understanding Finance Essay Finance is the allocation of assets and liabilities over time under conditions of certainty and uncertainty. A key point in finance is the time value of money, which states that a unit of currency today is worth more than the same unit of currency tomorrow. Finance aims to price assets based on their risk level, and expected rate of return. Finance can be broken into three different sub categories: public finance, corporate finance and personal finance. Contents [hide] 1 Areas of finance 1. 1 Personal finance 1. 2 Corporate finance 1. 2. 1 Financial services 1. 3 Public finance 2 Capital 3 Financial theory . 1 Financial economics 3. 2 Financial mathematics 3. 3 Experimental finance 3. 4 Behavioral finance 3. 5 Intangible asset finance 4 Professional qualifications 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Areas of finance[edit] Wall Street, the center of American finance. Personal finance[edit] Main article: Personal finance Questions in personal finance revolve around Protection against unforeseen personal events, as well as events in the wider economy Transference of family across generations (bequests and inheritance) Effects of tax policies (tax subsidies and/or penalties) on management of personal inances Effects of credit on individual financial standing Planning a secure financial future in an environment of economic instability Personal finance may involve paying for education, financing durable goods such as real estate and cars, buying insurance, e. . health and property insurance, investing and saving for retirement. Personal Tlnance may also Involve paylng Tor a loan, or aeot ODIlgatlons. I ne SIX Key areas of personal financial planning, as suggested by the Financial Planning Standards Board, are:[l] Financial position: is concerned with understanding the personal resources available y examining net worth and household cash flow. Net wort h is a persons balance sheet, calculated by adding up all assets under that persons control, minus all liabilities of the household, at one point in time. Household cash flow totals up all the expected sources of income within a year, minus all expected expenses within the same year. From this analysis, the financial planner can determine to what degree and in what time the personal goals can be accomplished. Adequate protection: the analysis of how to protect a household from unforeseen risks. These risks can be ivided into liability, property, death, disability, health and long term care. Some of these risks may be self-insurable, while most will require the purchase of an insurance contract. Determining how much insurance to get, at the most cost effective terms requires knowledge of the market for personal insurance. Business owners, professionals, athletes and entertainers require specialized insurance professionals to adequately protect themselves. Since insurance also enjoys some tax benefits, utilizing insurance investment products may be a critical piece of the overall nvestment planning. Tax planning: typically the income tax is the single largest expense in a household. Managing taxes is not a question of if you will pay taxes, but when and how much. Government gives many incentives in the form of tax deductions and credits, which can be used to reduce the lifetime tax burden. Most modern governments use a progressive tax. Typically, as ones income grows, a higher marginal rate of tax must be paid. [citation needed] Understanding how to take advantage of the myriad tax breaks when planning ones personal finances can make a significant impact. Investment and accumulation goals: planning how to accumulate enough money for large purchases and life events is what most people consider to be financial planning. Major reasons to accumulate assets include, purchasing a house or car, starting a business, paying for education expenses, and saving for retirement. Achieving these goals requires projecting what they will cost, and when you need to withdraw funds. A major risk to the household in achieving their accumulation goal is the rate of price increases over time, or inflation. Using net present value calculators, the financial planner will suggest a ombination of asset earmarking and regular savings to be invested in a variety of investments. In order to overcome the rate of inflation, the investment portfolio has to get a higher rate of return, which typically will subject the portfolio to a number of risks. Managing these portfolio risks is most often accomplished using asset allocation, which seeks to diversify investment risk and opportunity. This asset allocation will prescribe a percentage allocation to be invested in stocks, bonds, cash and alternative investments. The allocation should also take into consideration the ersonal risk profile of every investor, since risk attitudes vary from person to person. Retirement planning is the process of understanding how much it costs to live at retirement, and coming up with a plan to distribute assets to meet any income shortfall. Methods for retirement plan include taking advantage of government allowed structures to manage tax llaOlllty Including: Inalvlaual (IRA) structures, or employer sponsored retirement plans. Estate planning involves planning for the disposition of ones assets after death. Typically, there is a tax due to the state or federal government at ones death. Avoiding these taxes means that more of ones assets will be distributed to ones heirs. One can leave ones assets to family, friends or charitable groups. Corporate finance[edit] Main article: Corporate finance Corporate finance is the area of finance dealing with the sources of funding and the capital structure of corporations and the actions that managers take to increase the value of the firm to the shareholders, as well as the tools and analysis used to allocate financial resources. Although it is in principle different from managerial finance which studies the financial management of all firms, rather than corporations lone, the main concepts in the study of corporate finance are applicable to the financial problems of all kinds of firms. Corporate finance generally involves balancing risk and profitability, while attempting to maximize an entitys wealth and the value of its stock, and generically entails three primary areas of capital resource allocation. In the first, capital budgeting, management must choose which projects (if any) to undertake. The discipline of capital budgeting may employ standard business valuation techniques or even extend to real options valuation; see Financial modeling. The second, sources of capital relates to how these investments are to be funded: investment capital can be provided through different sources, such as by shareholders, in the form of equity (privately or via an initial public offering), creditors, often in the form of bonds, and the firms operations (cash flow). Short-term funding or working capital is mostly provided by banks extending a line of credit. The balance between these elements forms the companys capital structure. The third, the dividend policy, requires management to determine whether any unappropriated profit (excess cash) is to be retained for future investment / perational requirements, or instead to be distributed to shareholders, and if so in what form. Short term financial management is often termed working capital management, and relates to cash-, inventory- and debtors management. Corporate finance also includes within its scope business valuation, stock investing, or investment management. An investment is an acquisition of an asset in the hope that it will maintain or increase its value over time. In investment management in choosing a portfolio one has to use financial analysis to determine what, how much and when to invest. To do this, a company must: Identify relevant objectives and constraints: institution or individual goals, time horizon, risk aversion and tax considerations; Identify the appropriate strategy: active versus passive hedging strategy Measure the portfolio performance Financial management overlaps with the financial function of the Accounting profession. However, financial accounting is the reporting of historical financial information, while financial management is concerned with the allocation of capital resources to increase a firms value to the shareholders. Hnanclal rlsK management, an element 0T corporate Tlnance, Is tne practlce 0T reating and protecting economic value in a firm by using financial instruments to manage exposure to risk, particularly credit risk and market risk. (Other risk types include Foreign exchange, Shape, Volatility, Sector, liquidity, Inflation risks, etc. It focuses on when and how to hedge using financial instruments; in this sense it overlaps with financial engineering. Similar to general risk management, financial risk management requires identifying its sources, measuring it (see: Risk measure: Well known risk measures), and formulating plans to address these, and can be qualitative nd quantitative. In the banking sector worldwide, the Basel Accords are generally adopted by internationally active b anks for tracking, reporting and exposing operational, credit and market risks. Financial services[edit] Main article: Financial services An entity whose income exceeds its expenditure can lend or invest the excess income. Though on the other hand, an entity whose income is less than its expenditure can raise capital by borrowing or selling equity claims, decreasing its expenses, or increasing its income. The lender can find a borrower, a financial ntermediary such as a bank, or buy notes or bonds in the bond market. The lender receives interest, the borrower pays a higher interest than the lender receives, and the financial intermediary earns the difference for arranging the loan. A bank aggregates the activities of many borrowers and lenders. A bank accepts deposits from lenders, on which it pays interest. The bank then lends these deposits to borrowers. Banks allow borrowers and lenders, of different sizes, to coordinate their activity. Finance is used by individuals (personal finance), by governments (public finance), by usinesses (corporate finance) and by a wide variety of other organizations, including schools and non-profit organizations. In general, the goals of each of the above activities are achieved through the use of appropriate financial instruments and methodologies, with consideration to their institutional setting. Finance is one of the most important aspects of business management and includes analysis related to the use and acquisition of funds for the enterprise. In corporate finance, a companys capital structure is the total mix of financing methods it uses to raise funds. One method is debt financing, which includes bank loans and bond sales. Another method is equity financing the sale of stock by a company to investors, the original shareholders of a share. Ownership of a share gives the shareholder certain contractual rights and powers, which typically include the right to receive declared dividends and to vote the proxy on important matters (e. g. , board elections). The owners of both bonds and stock, may be institutional investors financial institutions such as investment banks and pension funds or private individuals, called private investors or retail investors.

Toyota Motor Corporation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Toyota Motor Corporation - Essay Example Capital is one of the key aspects examined here. The company profitability in 2011 has gone down and capital funding reduced. It has a large capital reserve .the first quarter has experienced a decrease of 17.2% in sales. This indicates future drops and forecast with the economic times. Debt to equity ratio is 0.69. This indicates that the company is more funded with equity than debts. Current ratio of is 1.0 in the past one year. This indicates that the company has liquidity value overall. There have not been significant changes in its shareholders equity within the first quarter. This indicates that the shareholders have not forsaken their duties in this company. Character is analyzed in terms of the willingness to repay the loan. A credit report is generated on Toyota’s borrowings, tax remittances, any court proceedings on default, past loaners, and overall honoring the debts. The length of the present debt is analyzed as well as the amount owed. Toyota is current paying a fine of $16.4 million for a recall suit. This has jeopardized the power leadership in the automobile industry. FICO scores of 300-800 are used and it is said, the higher the score the better the customer is worth. Collateral is the asset or guarantee placed that can be seized by the company in case the customer default in repayments. At Toyota, current assets and fixed assets stands at 28 387 556 yen a drop from last year’s value of 29 million yen.

M&T Bank's Sustainable practices and analysis Term Paper

M&T Bank's Sustainable practices and analysis - Term Paper Example (M&T Bank : Facts & Figures) With the growing awareness about the importance of sustainable growth, more than 150 financial institutions across the planet have signed the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) symbolizing their commitment towards sustainable development. According to Ebenezer Olufowose, Executive Director, Access Bank plc, sustainable business practices signify a balanced composition of â€Å"balancing economic growth, social development and environmental protection to ensure future generations are not compromised by actions taken today.† (Osae-Brown) Along with its primary business, M&T Bank has been highly active in initiating commendable sustainable practices. With the sustainable business practices for a better environment, social development and economic escalation mainstreamed into its primary business, M&T Bank portrays a comprehensive as well as a positive picture in its business sustainability report. Healthier Environment The US government in 19 80 initiated Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) under which banks can directly be held responsible for the environmental contamination proven on their part and to pay penalties to compensate for the loss to the environment. (Bouma et al 24) The Act, in the last three decades, has led to a rising concern amongst US banks regarding their existing environmental procedures and M&T Bank has quite followed the ongoing trend. M&T Bank has been awarded with two prizes for the two new innovatively designed branches which are known to use ‘green’ technology and reduce the consumption of natural resources which deplete the environmental healthiness. M&T’s newly constructed branch’s structure in Chambersburg, Pa primarily constitutes, apart from florescent lamps, LED’s and ceramic metal halide lights in the lobby, a large number of energy-reducing elements including a colonnade with a canopy which provides shelter to t he customers when they enter the branch and also protects the branch from direct sunlight. The branch also encourages its employees as well as the visiting customers to use fuel efficient vehicles as reserved parking areas are provided for these vehicles whereas racks are also available for bicycles. The glass walls provide for lesser dependence on artificial lighting and the routine work can be carried out by utilizing the natural light. The unique structure of the branch in Chambersburg is not the first of its kind. Similarly structured branch has also been constructed in West Seneca, NY earlier. The distinctive branch design depicts a serious intention of M&T’s management to try and improve its environmental contributions and its plans towards going ‘greener’ and more efficient in the future. Apart from the efficient design, M&T has implemented many changes including double side printing, paper recycling program, carpooling services, greater use of audio/video conferencing and, more importantly, installation of more efficient high-tech equipment which has reduced its carbon dioxide emission levels pretty sharply. Another measure taken in this respect is the setting up of a senior level advisory committee which evaluates the feasibility of environment-friendly alternatives available and helps the executives, operation managers and employees, at large, to contribute towards stepping

Communication Case Essay Example for Free

Communication Case Essay Communication allows ideas to be conveyed clearly and succinctly. Communication is crucial for developing positive relationships with children, young people and their families, colleagues and other professionals We communicate to express our emotions like courage or fear, joy or sorrow, satisfaction or disappointment with appropriate gestures and words. Communication is vital for seeking and providing information. AiiDescribe TWO ways how effective communication can affect relationships in an adult social care setting between individuals using the service, their carer’s, colleagues and other practitioners. 1. Effective communication is the basis of all relationship regardless of whether the relationship is professional or personal. It is important as it helps to give concise and clear information and eliminate the possibility of risks to patients. 2. Also with effective communication there would be a positive atmosphere within the work place and colleagues would be more willing to help each other out. Staff would know where everything is and also offer extra support with your workload. AiiiIdentify THREE ways of finding out the communication and language needs of an individual. For each method, describe how effective it is at establishing the needs of the individual. Method How effective this method is? Looking through previous records Previous records can identify the individual’s illness or disability and what kind of support they will need to establish communication and language needs. Observation Observation is effective as it is establishing the communication and language by watching/talking to the patient themselves. Communication with family/other professionals Family, friends and other professional who have worked/lived with the patient will have a lot on information/knowledge on the patient. They would have developed ways of dealing with the patient’s communication and language over a long time. AivDescribe THREE factors to consider when promoting effective communication. Disabilities: Disabilities such as hearing loss, impaired vision, mobility problems or speech impairment can affect the effective communication. Proper communication method should be known before communicating the people with disability or different health issues. Cultural Differences: Communication differences can result from differences in culture. In some cultures, children are not allowed to speak in front of adult and some kind of body gesture, eye contact, facial expression and touch are inappropriate. Environment: Environment is one of the most important factors to consider. Ensure the lights, air, temperature, noise and that it is safe and comfortable for the patient before establishing effective communication. AvDescribe THREE verbal and THREE non-verbal communication methods and styles that a social care worker may use in an adult setting. Verbal Non Verbal Spoken When people speak face-to-face or via the phone its considered verbal communication Body language/Body movements Body movements include gestures, posture, head and hand movements or whole body movements Written writing is considered a form of verbal communication because words are involved. Eye contact – It is important to give eye contact as it helps the person know that you are listening Non-spoken A person doesnt have to speak words for a communication to be considered verbal. A groan can qualify. In fact, any noises or utterances a person makes are included in this classification. Posture Posture can reflect peoples emotions, attitudes and intentions. Avi Explain why it is important to respond to an individual’s reactions during communication. It is important to respond to an individual’s reactions during communication because it shows you are actively taking part in a conversation. It also shows that you are listening. With no listening there really isnt a conversation happening. If you are listening passively, then you are giving little or no feedback. If you are like this, then you are unlikely to make coherent responses. Avii Explain how an individual’s background can influence their communication methods. An individual’s background can influence their communication methods by the way in which they are brought up and the society and culture that they live in has a great effect on the way in which they communicate. In some cultures children are not allowed to speak in the presence of certain adults. Some people may have been brought up in a background of challenging environments. Some women do not speak in front of other men out of family. These factors will highly influence the way they communicate and to establish communication with these groups of people. Also there may be a language barrier which would influence communication methods. Aviii Identify three examples of barriers to communication and explain how you could overcome each barrier. Barrier How it can over come Language differences You can overcome this by identifying the preferred communication method and using the appropriate method to communicate. Culture differences You can overcome this by providing an interpreter or translator service. Using makaton, body language and pictures etc. Physical Barrier You could overcome this by checking the individual’s record, speaking to a family member or friends or through the country’s cultural representative. Aix Describe two strategies that you could use to clarify misunderstandings. 1. Be polite and ask kindly in a calm professional manner. 2. Writing instructions clearly and concisely. Ask the them to repeat what I have said to ensure clear understanding. AxA social care worker wants to enable more effective communication with individuals using the service. Explain how they could access extra support or services that may be helpful. Translation services This service can help with changing the written text from one language to another. Interpreting services This service can help with converting spoken language to another language. Speech and language services This service can support people who have had a stroke and have problems with their speech. Advocacy services This service can support people who are unable to speak up for themselves. This service tries to understand the needs, wishes and preferences of people, and will argue on their behalf.